The Closed-Stack Model and the Culture of Librarianship in Nicaraguan Academic Libraries
Abstract
During his two years as a Fulbright lectures in library science in Managua, Nicaragua, Frank Lepkowski observed the way in which the practice of librarianship is determined by the social and cultural framework, educational system, and economic conditions of a country. In the United States, collections in academic libraries generally are open to users for browsing and locating materials. In Nicaragua, however, academic libraries favor a closed stack arrangement that severely restricts the patron’s access to the collection. By studying this striking difference between the libraries of the two countries, Lepkowski is able to draw some interesting conclusions about how access to materials, the librarian–patron relationship, and the course of a library’s institutional development are interrelated.
The author also contrasts libraries at two large, socially diverse, state universities — Universidad Centroamericana (UCA) and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua (UNAN) — with the library at the smaller, more elite, private Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas (INCAE). The closed stacks and cataloging focus at UCA and UNAN, and INCAE’s open stack arrangement and reference oriented services bear out the conclusion that student body size and make up, financial resources, and type of library services provided clearly determine what kind of access to the collection users will have. Far from condemning the closed–stack arrangement in Nicaragua, Lepkowski believes it is the most rational and responsible course that librarians, faced with a hostile environment, can take to preserve their collections for future access.
Español
El modelo de estantería cerrada y la cultura bibliotecológica en las bibliotecas académicas de Nicaragua
Durante los dos años que pasó en Nicaragua por su nombramiento como conferencista Fulbright en Nicaragua, Frank Lepkowski observó la manera como se realizaba la práctica bibliotecaria en un marco social y cultural, en un sistema educativo y dentro de las condiciones económicas de un país. Las colecciones en las bibliotecas académicas en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica generalmente están abiertas a los usarios para facilitar consultar y localizar los materiales. En Nicaragua, sin embargo, las bibliotecas académicas favorecen el arreglo de estantería cerrada porque restringe el acceso de los usarios a la colección. A través del estudio de estas diferencias entre las bibliotecas de los dos países Lepkowski es capaz de delinear algunas conclusiones culturales interesantes acerca de la manera como se tiene acceso a los materiales, de la relación entre bibliotecario y usario y del curso de un desarrollo bibliotecario institucional y como todos estos elementos se relacionan entre sí.
El autor también contrasta las bibliotecas de dos ambientes socialmente diversos, dos localizadas en universidades estatales—la Universidad Centroamericana (UCA) y la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua (UNAN)— con la otra que es una biblioteca de una institución más pequeña, más elitista perteneciente a una universidad privada: la del Instituto Centroamerican de Administración de Empresas (INCAE). Las características de estantería cerrada y enfoque a la catalogación en la UCA y la UNAN, frente a estantería abierta y enfoque a los servicios de referencia en el INCAE llevan a Lepkowski a la conclusión de que el cuerpo estudiantil, la composición de los recursos financieros y el tipo de servicios bibliotecarios proporcionados determinan claramente el tipo de acceso que tendrán los usarios a las colecciones. Lejos de condenar la colocación de la colección en estantería cerrada en Nicaragua, Lepkowski cree que ésta es la acción más racional, responsable y aún heróica que los bibliotecarios nicaragüenses han realizado con el objeto de conservar sus colecciones para acceso futuro.
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